- Three Cases: ACM Digital Library, Network PFC Series, D-Lib Magazine
(Preservation of Scientific Serials: Three Current Examples)
Editor's note:
Current scientific and technological knowledge is increasingly being preserved and disseminated electronically. However, current computer and network systems are still unable to achieve long-term preservation of information. Therefore, it is necessary to consider how to better preserve scientific and technological information in electronic form. They are also the spiritual wealth of future generations.
The purpose of this paper is not to discuss some basic issues of information preservation in an empty way. Instead, three examples have been selected: ACM Digital Library, Network RFC Series, and D-Lib Magazine. Starting from their respective contents, management, and technology, the Some of the practical issues of electronic archives of science and technology books hope to give some people a reference.
One or Three Examples (1) ACM Digital Library ACM - The Association for Computing Machinery is a professional organization that specializes in publishing periodicals and magazines on the state of computer science research. ACM entered the field of electronic publishing very early. First, in 1993, ACM made a database of articles, journals, etc. of its journals. All information was marked with SGML. ACM then considered converting its previously published information into electronic form and converted its post-1985 publication. In fact, the information on the current ACM digital library can be traced back to the establishment of ACM in 1948.
Most of ACM's electronic information was mainly uploaded to the Internet in 1997. It has a special network interface through which readers can search for and browse the required articles based on the author's name, keywords, and subject category. However, this ACM digital library can only be obtained through ACM. For convenience, ACM is negotiating with a private company and hopes to mirror all publications through its private network. This will greatly reduce readers' log-in time, especially for readers outside North America. However, this mirroring is only for convenience of implementation and has no purpose of preservation.
While implementing such electronic preservation and electronic publishing, ACM will still produce a print version. The content of these print versions will be directly transferred from its SGML database and will not be too much trouble. However, the current situation is that since people can access the ACM digital library online, the demand for their printed version has dropped sharply, so the ACM Association decided that when the demand for print editions falls short of preserving the cost, it will no longer publish the printed version. It is estimated that In the next 5 to 10 years, most of the journals under ACM will no longer appear in print.
(b) The network RFC series RFC, Request for comment, originally meant "seek comments," but this is obviously not clear. The current series of about 2,700 RFCs can be traced back to 30 years ago, including the TCP/IP protocol, Internet mail, the composition of the World Wide Web, and other more technical standards.
The RFC appeared in the form of print media from the beginning. It was originally transmitted as FTP, and recently it used the Internet. Most RFC articles are plain text without images and other formats, and there are few Postscript versions of images. In addition, there are various automatically generated indexes in these articles. Netodata is not provided in addition to numbers, categories, author lists, and titles.
The institutional setup behind the RFC is more complex. It is the official publication of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), but the specific publishing work was handed over to the ISOC (Internet Society), and the RFCS editor came from University of Southern California, School of Information Science.
(3) D-Lib Magazine D-Lib Magazine is a monthly publication devoted to the research and development of digital libraries. It was born in July 1995 and is now a basic source of information about digital libraries.
The development tools of D-Lib magazine are some of the most basic network technologies: the article uses HTML format, images and other content are also using the current standard network format. The purpose of this is to allow readers to browse these articles using a standard web browser. Recently, D-Lib Magazine has also used new metadata methods to add DOI to each article, and related documents will also contain simple metadata.
In D-Lib magazine, the link works automatically, so there is a problem because the internal links can be carefully maintained after the publication, but the external links cannot be checked. After some time some of the links will be affected. Loss, and its corresponding reference cannot be used.
Initially, D-Lib magazine was funded by DARPA and published by CNRI. The current magazine is edited by two members of Cornell's school and published by CNRI.
Second, the revelation The three examples were introduced in detail in detail. The following is a discussion of several important issues in the electronic publication of science and technology books and their implications.
(a) Regarding the selection of content As mentioned earlier, the reason for storing large amounts of scientific and technological information in electronic form is for long-term preservation and transmission. The first thing to decide is that those information are worthy of long-term preservation. This information is undoubtedly in the field of science and technology. It should be some basic information that can stand the test of time, not something that changes rapidly. However, there is currently a misunderstanding in the selection of information. It is believed that the information provided by those traditional popular publications is the most basic and most worth saving. This is not the case. There are many general and non-specialized things, and the basic sources of scientific and technological information may not necessarily be traditional publications. The Internet RFC series, NASA's photo library, D-Lib magazine and electronic publishing periodicals are relatively new publications. But they are basic sources of information in their respective fields.
(b) The three levels of information storage Information storage is divided into three levels: label storage, path storage, and content storage.
The label is a description of the overall appearance of the entire publication, and this level of storage is also the most important because it illustrates the level of electronic storage technology for a time. For future generations, understanding the technical features of our time is undoubted and understood. The content is equally interesting.
The second level is to provide readers with access to this information. It includes some basic information and an effective path system. Both the ACM Digital Library and the D-Lib Magazine support fairly complex sites with indexing, search engines, various metadata, and other information beyond actual articles.
The last is the storage of specific content. This level is relatively minor, because if you only store the content, then the whole book becomes a large library, but there is no way to access and use tools. In addition, the storage of content is relatively simple and not as complex as the first two levels.
(III) Stability To achieve long-term preservation of information, in addition to technical factors, it is also necessary to ensure the stability of the organization that organizes this work. Imagine if the organizing organization was reorganized or bankrupted and how the original information activities should be maintained. The three cases in this article have different organizational stability:
The ACM Digital Library is undoubtedly the most stable. As long as the ACM Association exists, it can be developed. In addition, as a professional organization, ACM has already taken the digital map collection as an important asset of its own. Therefore, even if ACM goes bankrupt or is acquired, the ACM digital library will remain as an asset. What's more, ACM's operations are very good. There are about 80,000 employees and considerable assets. The 50-year-old ACM can only maintain 100 years under existing conditions. All this undoubtedly determined the stability of the ACM digital library in the preservation of scientific and technological information.
The RFC series is not the case. Its sponsoring agencies are basically short-term in their plans. While RFCS currently works well, it is clear that this situation will not change in the long term. In particular, the IETF Working Group is informal. Although this form makes it possible to achieve very good results, it also determines that it cannot carry out some long-term projects.
The organizational stability of other open-book series has changed greatly. Take JEP (Journal of Electronic Publish, for example) as an example. The original intention of the organizer of the University of Michigan Press is to plan to continue for a long time, but to provide it The financial aid SAIC does not have such a long-term plan. The same applies to CNRI's publication of D-Lib magazine. Without DARPA's funding, it would have to be grounded.
(D) Copyright In the ACM Digital Library, most authors have transferred copyright to ACM, and even if some works ACM have not yet obtained copyright, it has been authorized to store and publish them in various forms. In the event of any change in copyright laws and related policies, ACM always tries to ensure that its actions are legal.
The ACM is the one in copyright and most publishers are open, but it will not allow copying the entire library content. The RFC Series and D-Lib Magazine also allow copying of their content, at least for non-commercial purposes.
The RFC is usually treated as a public document. The author of the RFC grants considerable rights to the ISOC and the IETF. The ISOC holds the copyright of the documents. At the same time, these documents are also provided to users without restriction.
The copyright of D-Lib magazine articles is still owned by the authors, but the authors allow CNRI to publish and save their works. D-Lib magazines are public, without restrictions, and allow readers to use them for any non-commercial purpose. The entire D-Lib website has been mirrored on several sites around the world.
In fact, the difference between the above three copyright conditions is very obvious in reality, but in each case, publishers have the right to store all materials, including the long-term preservation of information legally with other non-commercial organizations.
(V) Storage technologies and standards In terms of storage technologies and standards, ACM, RCF, and D-Lib are all different, some are very simple, and only minor changes are required when updating, while others are complicated.
The ACM Digital Library is the only mark system that uses the SGML standard, which is technically complex and uses a variety of different formats (SGML, PDF, and HTML). The use of SGML will inevitably bring about many special problems in information storage. These difficulties also prompt some ACM members to use some language (TEX) that can directly represent data. ACM uses a related database to store content information and metadata.
Contrary to ACM, RFCS uses the simplest technology. Each RFC is a pure ASCII file. The layout of RFCS articles is very careful, and some simple descriptive metadata can be easily extracted from the text.
The technology used by D-Lib Magazine is also quite simple. It does not use Javascript and Java appplets. It also tries to avoid complicated components in HTML. Therefore, D-Lib Magazine is used even if the web browser no longer supports current versions. The content will not be lost.
In the three examples, the metadata is not critical to the entire save operation, but some of the most critical metadata are still nested in the file. In addition, these descriptive metadata are easily generated if needed, saving some structurality. The metadata is relatively important. In the ACM digital library, there is a schema database to manage the entire library. The most important thing here is the preservation path rather than the content itself. D-Lib magazine, like other online publications, relies heavily on various hyperlinks and therefore always stores content on the directory structure.
Reference Sites Of course, the electronic model for the preservation of scientific books need not be locked in one line. The above three examples only give some reference information. The following provides some reference site addresses that can provide you with more relevant information.
ACM Digital Library: http://
D-Lib Magazine: http://ww.dlib.org/
RFCS: http://
Michigan University Press, Electronic Publishing Journal: http://
Some other sites also have:
Http://
Http://ww.prism.cornell.edu/
Http://
Http://
Http://
(Preservation of Scientific Serials: Three Current Examples)
Editor's note:
Current scientific and technological knowledge is increasingly being preserved and disseminated electronically. However, current computer and network systems are still unable to achieve long-term preservation of information. Therefore, it is necessary to consider how to better preserve scientific and technological information in electronic form. They are also the spiritual wealth of future generations.
The purpose of this paper is not to discuss some basic issues of information preservation in an empty way. Instead, three examples have been selected: ACM Digital Library, Network RFC Series, and D-Lib Magazine. Starting from their respective contents, management, and technology, the Some of the practical issues of electronic archives of science and technology books hope to give some people a reference.
One or Three Examples (1) ACM Digital Library ACM - The Association for Computing Machinery is a professional organization that specializes in publishing periodicals and magazines on the state of computer science research. ACM entered the field of electronic publishing very early. First, in 1993, ACM made a database of articles, journals, etc. of its journals. All information was marked with SGML. ACM then considered converting its previously published information into electronic form and converted its post-1985 publication. In fact, the information on the current ACM digital library can be traced back to the establishment of ACM in 1948.
Most of ACM's electronic information was mainly uploaded to the Internet in 1997. It has a special network interface through which readers can search for and browse the required articles based on the author's name, keywords, and subject category. However, this ACM digital library can only be obtained through ACM. For convenience, ACM is negotiating with a private company and hopes to mirror all publications through its private network. This will greatly reduce readers' log-in time, especially for readers outside North America. However, this mirroring is only for convenience of implementation and has no purpose of preservation.
While implementing such electronic preservation and electronic publishing, ACM will still produce a print version. The content of these print versions will be directly transferred from its SGML database and will not be too much trouble. However, the current situation is that since people can access the ACM digital library online, the demand for their printed version has dropped sharply, so the ACM Association decided that when the demand for print editions falls short of preserving the cost, it will no longer publish the printed version. It is estimated that In the next 5 to 10 years, most of the journals under ACM will no longer appear in print.
(b) The network RFC series RFC, Request for comment, originally meant "seek comments," but this is obviously not clear. The current series of about 2,700 RFCs can be traced back to 30 years ago, including the TCP/IP protocol, Internet mail, the composition of the World Wide Web, and other more technical standards.
The RFC appeared in the form of print media from the beginning. It was originally transmitted as FTP, and recently it used the Internet. Most RFC articles are plain text without images and other formats, and there are few Postscript versions of images. In addition, there are various automatically generated indexes in these articles. Netodata is not provided in addition to numbers, categories, author lists, and titles.
The institutional setup behind the RFC is more complex. It is the official publication of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), but the specific publishing work was handed over to the ISOC (Internet Society), and the RFCS editor came from University of Southern California, School of Information Science.
(3) D-Lib Magazine D-Lib Magazine is a monthly publication devoted to the research and development of digital libraries. It was born in July 1995 and is now a basic source of information about digital libraries.
The development tools of D-Lib magazine are some of the most basic network technologies: the article uses HTML format, images and other content are also using the current standard network format. The purpose of this is to allow readers to browse these articles using a standard web browser. Recently, D-Lib Magazine has also used new metadata methods to add DOI to each article, and related documents will also contain simple metadata.
In D-Lib magazine, the link works automatically, so there is a problem because the internal links can be carefully maintained after the publication, but the external links cannot be checked. After some time some of the links will be affected. Loss, and its corresponding reference cannot be used.
Initially, D-Lib magazine was funded by DARPA and published by CNRI. The current magazine is edited by two members of Cornell's school and published by CNRI.
Second, the revelation The three examples were introduced in detail in detail. The following is a discussion of several important issues in the electronic publication of science and technology books and their implications.
(a) Regarding the selection of content As mentioned earlier, the reason for storing large amounts of scientific and technological information in electronic form is for long-term preservation and transmission. The first thing to decide is that those information are worthy of long-term preservation. This information is undoubtedly in the field of science and technology. It should be some basic information that can stand the test of time, not something that changes rapidly. However, there is currently a misunderstanding in the selection of information. It is believed that the information provided by those traditional popular publications is the most basic and most worth saving. This is not the case. There are many general and non-specialized things, and the basic sources of scientific and technological information may not necessarily be traditional publications. The Internet RFC series, NASA's photo library, D-Lib magazine and electronic publishing periodicals are relatively new publications. But they are basic sources of information in their respective fields.
(b) The three levels of information storage Information storage is divided into three levels: label storage, path storage, and content storage.
The label is a description of the overall appearance of the entire publication, and this level of storage is also the most important because it illustrates the level of electronic storage technology for a time. For future generations, understanding the technical features of our time is undoubted and understood. The content is equally interesting.
The second level is to provide readers with access to this information. It includes some basic information and an effective path system. Both the ACM Digital Library and the D-Lib Magazine support fairly complex sites with indexing, search engines, various metadata, and other information beyond actual articles.
The last is the storage of specific content. This level is relatively minor, because if you only store the content, then the whole book becomes a large library, but there is no way to access and use tools. In addition, the storage of content is relatively simple and not as complex as the first two levels.
(III) Stability To achieve long-term preservation of information, in addition to technical factors, it is also necessary to ensure the stability of the organization that organizes this work. Imagine if the organizing organization was reorganized or bankrupted and how the original information activities should be maintained. The three cases in this article have different organizational stability:
The ACM Digital Library is undoubtedly the most stable. As long as the ACM Association exists, it can be developed. In addition, as a professional organization, ACM has already taken the digital map collection as an important asset of its own. Therefore, even if ACM goes bankrupt or is acquired, the ACM digital library will remain as an asset. What's more, ACM's operations are very good. There are about 80,000 employees and considerable assets. The 50-year-old ACM can only maintain 100 years under existing conditions. All this undoubtedly determined the stability of the ACM digital library in the preservation of scientific and technological information.
The RFC series is not the case. Its sponsoring agencies are basically short-term in their plans. While RFCS currently works well, it is clear that this situation will not change in the long term. In particular, the IETF Working Group is informal. Although this form makes it possible to achieve very good results, it also determines that it cannot carry out some long-term projects.
The organizational stability of other open-book series has changed greatly. Take JEP (Journal of Electronic Publish, for example) as an example. The original intention of the organizer of the University of Michigan Press is to plan to continue for a long time, but to provide it The financial aid SAIC does not have such a long-term plan. The same applies to CNRI's publication of D-Lib magazine. Without DARPA's funding, it would have to be grounded.
(D) Copyright In the ACM Digital Library, most authors have transferred copyright to ACM, and even if some works ACM have not yet obtained copyright, it has been authorized to store and publish them in various forms. In the event of any change in copyright laws and related policies, ACM always tries to ensure that its actions are legal.
The ACM is the one in copyright and most publishers are open, but it will not allow copying the entire library content. The RFC Series and D-Lib Magazine also allow copying of their content, at least for non-commercial purposes.
The RFC is usually treated as a public document. The author of the RFC grants considerable rights to the ISOC and the IETF. The ISOC holds the copyright of the documents. At the same time, these documents are also provided to users without restriction.
The copyright of D-Lib magazine articles is still owned by the authors, but the authors allow CNRI to publish and save their works. D-Lib magazines are public, without restrictions, and allow readers to use them for any non-commercial purpose. The entire D-Lib website has been mirrored on several sites around the world.
In fact, the difference between the above three copyright conditions is very obvious in reality, but in each case, publishers have the right to store all materials, including the long-term preservation of information legally with other non-commercial organizations.
(V) Storage technologies and standards In terms of storage technologies and standards, ACM, RCF, and D-Lib are all different, some are very simple, and only minor changes are required when updating, while others are complicated.
The ACM Digital Library is the only mark system that uses the SGML standard, which is technically complex and uses a variety of different formats (SGML, PDF, and HTML). The use of SGML will inevitably bring about many special problems in information storage. These difficulties also prompt some ACM members to use some language (TEX) that can directly represent data. ACM uses a related database to store content information and metadata.
Contrary to ACM, RFCS uses the simplest technology. Each RFC is a pure ASCII file. The layout of RFCS articles is very careful, and some simple descriptive metadata can be easily extracted from the text.
The technology used by D-Lib Magazine is also quite simple. It does not use Javascript and Java appplets. It also tries to avoid complicated components in HTML. Therefore, D-Lib Magazine is used even if the web browser no longer supports current versions. The content will not be lost.
In the three examples, the metadata is not critical to the entire save operation, but some of the most critical metadata are still nested in the file. In addition, these descriptive metadata are easily generated if needed, saving some structurality. The metadata is relatively important. In the ACM digital library, there is a schema database to manage the entire library. The most important thing here is the preservation path rather than the content itself. D-Lib magazine, like other online publications, relies heavily on various hyperlinks and therefore always stores content on the directory structure.
Reference Sites Of course, the electronic model for the preservation of scientific books need not be locked in one line. The above three examples only give some reference information. The following provides some reference site addresses that can provide you with more relevant information.
ACM Digital Library: http://
D-Lib Magazine: http://ww.dlib.org/
RFCS: http://
Michigan University Press, Electronic Publishing Journal: http://
Some other sites also have:
Http://
Http://ww.prism.cornell.edu/
Http://
Http://
Http://
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