Scientists at Stanford University have developed a new technology to import a specific RNA of baker's yeast into iPhone software to see its two-dimensional structure.
This is the first time scientists have obtained a complete picture of the conformation of thousands of RNA molecules in a cell, and the structure of RNA is much more complicated than previously thought.
"We used to think that RNA was a long, loose, single-stranded molecule whose main function was to pass the genetic information on cellular DNA to the ribosome," said Dr. Howard Chang, an associate professor of dermatology. "In addition to nucleotide sequences, We also know the molecular structure that determines the function. We started to develop a technology that can map all RNA structures in the cell. "
The paper was published in the journal Nature. Scientist Chang at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Eran Segal at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel are academic leaders in the study. He worked at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Stanford Bioengineering Postdoctoral Scholar Dr. Michael Kertesz, and Stanford University student Yue Wan are co-first authors of the article.
For years, scientists believe that the function of RNA is to transfer the DNA oligonucleotide sequences in the nucleus to the cytoplasmic protein synthesis "factory"-ribosomes. Now we know that RNAs can also play a regulatory role in many aspects of gene regulation and gene function.
DNA is a double-helix molecule composed of complementary paired nucleotide chains. Compared with DNA, RNA is more "soft", it can fold to form a stem-loop structure, and the sequence on the loop in the stem-loop structure of RNA can be paired with the sequences of other parts (usually adjacent parts) to form a similar "knot" "'S false knot structure. Stanford researchers have focused on a specific RNA molecule through a series of experiments to understand its structure, and now they are continuing to work hard to understand the role of the RNA molecule in the cell.
Recent developments in deep sequencing technology have allowed scientists to sequence and analyze hundreds of millions of nucleotide fragments simultaneously. The researchers used structure-specific nucleases (a specific sequence that recognizes the excision of single-stranded nucleotides, and another that recognizes the excision of double-stranded or paired RNA sequences) against more than 3,000 S. cerevisiae (a baker's yeast). Groups of RNA molecules that encode proteins are processed. They sequenced the fragments and then pieced together the structure of each RNA molecule, a process they called "parallel analysis of RNA structures" (PARS).
Chang said: "Now we may be able to understand the structural model of RNA faster and more comprehensively and begin to classify RNAs based on structure rather than sequence.
Some of the models they identified were surprising. The researchers found that the region where RNA encodes special elements has more secondary structure than other regions, and it is possible to identify the structure of an RNA transcript by analyzing the special region. In addition, they also found that RNA molecules of similar structure have similar functions-it is possible that the structure determines their specific location in the cell.
Baker's yeast has only a limited number of RNA molecules at any time, so it has become the most ideal biological model for researchers. The scientists plan to track other organisms soon, and extend their analysis to regulatory RNAs that do not carry protein building elements.
Chang said: "At present, it is only for the analysis of RNAs under a single condition. We will further understand the changes in RNA structure under different conditions. This is a complicated process, and our research has just begun."
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