3D printing , a technology that has been developed for more than 20 years, has suddenly become a hot term in the last two years. It has gone from the geek (tech madman) toys in the lab to the manufacturing industry. And behind it, 4D printing is coming.
The meaning of 3D is all we understand, it is three-dimensional. The intuitive explanation of 3D printing is to print out a three-dimensional thing. 4D? Three-dimensional plus one dimension. This dimension can be a lot of things, usually referring to time. The problem is that time can't be seen or touched, and if everything doesn't change, you can't even sense time. So when we talk about time, what we talk about is actually change. A proper explanation of time is the process of changing the state of matter at the macro level.
Then, 4D printing means 3D printing with composite materials. For printed items, we give it a new ability - this is change. This is the explanation given by Skylar Tibbits, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who is the author of the 4D printing concept.
3D printing + self assembly = 4D printing
In a US TED (Technology·Entertainment·Design) speech earlier this year, Tibitz first proposed the concept of 4D printing. He said that the ability to change, called Self-Assemble, means that objects are automatically controlled into pre-designed shapes without human control. However, the concept of light can't touch people's hearts. What does he mean by self-assembly? How do 3D printed items self-assemble?
In the speech, Tibits demonstrated two existing 4D printing results to help the audience understand what self-assembly is all about. The first is a model of poliovirus. The model was placed in a bottle, and Tibitz shook the bottle, and the violent vibration caused the "virus" to fall apart. But when he stopped shaking, the magic happened, and the model that had already fallen apart slowly returned to its original state.
Someone may ask: Isn't it good to be disturbed? It’s not a shame to shake the bottle. Ok, it’s also a matter of reason, but there is really no human interference when it comes back to protein structure. One example that Tibitz gives next may be more convincing—it's something that looks like a chain. When the chain is put into the water, it becomes the "MIT" letter shape that is connected together, which is the English abbreviation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Tibitz University). Another demonstration is to immerse the chain in a water tank that automatically folds into a three-dimensional cube. There is no human interference in these processes, and this chain spontaneously becomes a form of artificial design. Obviously, it must be processed through prior "programming".
For this "programming", Tibitz did not reveal more details in the speech, but from his example we can draw some basic conclusions: in order to complete self-assembly, we first need special materials. This material is likely to be nano-scaled. It is very sensitive to certain external influences, such as gravity, pressure, heat, magnetism or water, and then through the simulation program, to calculate the changes in the material in the real environment, This adjusts the composition and structure of the material. So when it encounters a sensitive source, it can interact with it and eventually become a pre-designed form.
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