Recently, scientists from Harvard Medical School (HMS) and Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) trained mice in the virtual reality maze to perform speech recognition tasks in different brain functional cortex. Regional neuron populations stand in stark contrast to decision making, revealing the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory and decision making. The study was published in the journal Nature by "Distinct timescales of population coding across cortex."
Christopher Harvey, assistant professor of neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and co-corresponding author, said that their research is moving in the direction of brain thinking, not the activity of individual neurons, that is, what is special when neurons work together. In his view, revealing how the neuron population works and responding to emergencies helps us better understand the underlying mechanisms of complex brain function.
To explore how neuronal populations work together in different parts of the brain, Harvey and his colleagues train mice in virtual reality environments.
For example, let the mouse run on a ball floating on an air cushion, a T-shaped labyrinth projected onto the screen in front of them and making a sound, letting the mouse judge whether the sound is from the left or right side of the maze.
As the mice began to perform tasks, the research team began recording neuronal population activity, approximately 50 groups of neurons each time, including the auditory cortex (AC) that processes the sound, and the parietal cortex after the cortical stimulation region (posterior parietal cortex) , PPC) and other sensory areas, to find out their complex cognitive function correlation.
It is reported that this study uses the newly developed computational techniques to analyze the effects of each neuron. It was found that the neuronal population (AC) in the auditory cortex tends to work independently of each other, and each neuron has little effect on others; on the contrary, the number of posterior parietal cortical neurons (PPC) has a great influence on each other and seems to Work together; the activity of a single neuron is short-lived, but neurons that work with neurons that are active at different points in time can carry longer messages; in the posterior parietal cortex, strong cooperative activities allow the neuron to carry The information of the voice recognition task is up to 1 second; the neuron group of the auditory cortex carries only a few hundred milliseconds of information.
Professor Christopher Harvey said: "The transient activation of auditory cortical neurons is well suited for fast-fluctuating sounds. But parietal cortical neurons work together on a longer time scale because they need to integrate information over time to make the best choice."
To support this hypothesis, the team found that mice were more likely to make the right choices in the trial: the parietal cortical neurons seemed to work better as a group, and the neuronal activity was more coupled. In weaker coupling experiments, mice seem more likely to make the wrong choice.
Although the activities of individual neurons have been studied for decades, recent technological advances have enabled neuroscientists to simultaneously study a large number of neurons. According to Harvey, the results of this study are important for explaining how neuronal populations interact and reveal emerging characteristics such as different activity timescales for studying advanced cognitive functions.
Harvey hopes that we can understand the network and synaptic mechanisms of the differences between the parietal and auditory cortex, and the more likely it is to understand the mechanisms of short-term or working memory. In his view, the more tools and methods are developed to think about the number of neurons, the more they understand the brain.
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