Plastic has a glorious history. Plastics may be the object of many joke jokes, but this kind of synthetic material that was accidentally born in the laboratories of the 1850s is a veritable miracle in the field of modern science and a technological advance that permeates all aspects of people's lives.
People can see durable plastic everywhere; garbage bags, socks, computers, beverage bottles, telephones, cars, and even the heads of Concorde supersonic aircraft are made of plastic.
Plastics have many names: Leclair, Teflon, Styrofoam, Astro turf, Plexiglass, artificial fluorescent resins, Celluloid, Saturn, nylon, and others.
The plastic legend is first and foremost an innovative story; it illustrates how a scientific breakthrough has gradually improved and improved over the decades to transform into thousands of reliable, easily-manufactured commercial products.
This process has become a symbol of the economic development of the millennium. The development can be traced back to the middle of 19 hours.
At that time, the United Kingdom in order to meet the needs of the flourishing textile industry. Chemists mix together different chemicals and hope to create bleaches and dyes. Chemists are particularly keen on coal tar, which is a curd-like waste that is condensed in a factory chimney fueled with natural gas. William Henry, laboratory assistant at the Royal Institute of Chemistry, London, is one of the people who performed this experiment. One day, when platinum rubbed the chemicals that had spilled on the bench of the laboratory, it was found that the rag was dyed with lavender, which was rarely seen at the time. This accidental discovery led platinum into the dyeing industry and eventually became a millionaire.
Although platinum does not find plastics, this accidental discovery is of great significance because it shows that artificial compounds can be obtained by controlling natural organic materials.
Manufacturers have realized that many natural materials such as wood, amber, rubber, glass, etc. are either too sparse, or are not suitable for large-scale production due to their price being too expensive or having insufficient elasticity.
Synthetic materials are ideal substitutes, which can change shape under heat and pressure, but also maintain shape after cooling. Colin Williamson, founder of the London Plastic History Society, said: “At that time people were looking for a cheap alternative that could easily change their shape.†After the platinum, another British Alexander Panks mixed chloroform with castor oil. When you get together, you get a substance that is as hard as a horn, which is the first artificial plastic.
Parks hopes to use this synthetic plastic to replace rubber that cannot be widely used due to planting, harvesting, and processing costs. The blacksmith-born New Yorker, John Wesley Hayat, tried to make billiard balls from man-made materials instead of ivory-made billiards.
Although he did not solve the problem, he found that mixing the camphor with a certain amount of solvent can give a material that can change shape after being heated. Hyat called this material a match. This new plastic has the characteristics of mass production by machine and non-technical workers. It brings to the film industry a sturdy, flexible material that can project images onto walls.
The tournament also contributed to the great development of the household recording industry, and eventually replaced the earlier cylindrical records. Subsequent plastics can be used to make vinyl records, cassettes, and finally made of polycarbonate.
Celluloids have made photography a vast market activity. Before George Eastman developed the celluloid, photography was a costly and cumbersome hobby because photographers had to wash the film themselves. Eastman came up with a new idea: The customer sent the finished film to the store he opened. He washed the film out for the customer. The celluloid is the first transparent material that can be made into thin slices and can be rolled into the camera.
About this time, Eastman met a young Belgian immigrant Leo Baekeland. Baekeland discovered a photo paper that was particularly sensitive to light. Eastman bought Baeland's invention for a high price of $750,000 (equivalent to the current $2.5 million). With funds in hand, Baekeland built a laboratory. Invented phenolic plastic in 1907.
This new material has achieved great success. Products made of phenolic plastics include telephones, insulated cables, buttons, and aircraft propellers, and it has also been used to make billiards of excellent quality.
Parker Pen Company manufactures a variety of fountain pens using phenolic plastics. In order to prove the firmness of the phenolic plastics, the company made a public demonstration to the public, throwing pens from high-rise buildings.
Time magazine devoted a cover article to the inventor of phenolic plastics and the “materials that can be used thousands of times.†Several years later, DuPont’s laboratory also achieved another breakthrough under accidental circumstances: It became nylon, a product called artificial silk.
In 1930, Wallace Carothers, a scientist working in DuPont's laboratory, dipped a heated glass rod into long molecular organic compounds to obtain a very elastic material. Although the clothes made of the earlier nylon melted under the high temperature of the iron, its inventor Carothers continued the research. About eight years later, DuPont introduced nylon.
Nylon is widely used in the field. Parachutes and shoelaces are made of nylon. But enthusiastic users of women's nylon. On May 15, 1940, American women snapped up 5 million pairs of nylon socks produced by DuPont. Nylon stockings are in short supply, and some traders are beginning to use nylon pantyhose as stockings.
But the success story of Nylon had a tragic ending: its inventor Carothers committed suicide by taking cyanide. Steven Finnechel, author of the book "Plastics," said: "I read Carotherth's diary and got the impression that Carothers had used the materials she invented to produce women's clothing. The sock was very frustrated. He was a scholar and he felt he couldn't stand it.†He felt that people would think that his main achievement was merely inventing an “ordinary commercial productâ€.
While DuPont reveled in its own products, it was widely loved by people. The British discovered many uses of plastic in the military field during the war. This discovery was also made by accident.
Scientists at the Royal Chemical Industry Laboratory in the United Kingdom conducted an irrelevant experiment and found a white, waxy deposit on the bottom of the test tube. Tested and found that this material is an excellent insulating material, its characteristics are different from the glass, radar waves can pass through. The scientists called it polyethylene and used it as a radar shelter for rain and rain, enabling the radar to capture enemy aircraft in rainy and thick fog conditions.
Williamson of the Plastic History Society said: "There are two factors that are driving the invention of plastics forward.
One factor is the desire to make money, and the other is war. "However, it was the subsequent decades that made plastic really become a symbol of what Finney calls "a century of composite materials."
In the 1950s, there were household food products such as food containers, water tanks, and soap boxes made of plastic; in the 6th century, inflatable chairs appeared.
By the 1970s, environmentalists pointed out that plastics could not degrade themselves. People’s enthusiasm for plastic products has dropped. However, in the 8th and 90s, plastics further consolidated its position as a result of the enormous demand for plastics from the automotive and computer industries. It is impossible to deny this ubiquitous, ordinary substance.
Fifty years ago, the world could only produce tens of thousands of tons of plastic per year; today, the world’s annual plastic production exceeds 100 million tons. Annual US plastic production exceeds the sum of steel, aluminum, and copper production.
New and novel plastics are still being discovered. Williamson of the Society of Plastics History said: "The designers and inventors will use plastic in the next millennium. No family materials like plastic can make designers and inventors finish their own at a very low price. invent.
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